This site is still being put online. Welsh lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945) 1863 - Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor and director (d. 1938) 1865 - Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet, English general and politician, 3rd Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1951) The National Welsh Gymanfa Ganu Association holds the National Festival of Wales yearly in various locations around the country, offering seminars on various cultural items, a marketplace for Welsh goods, and the traditional Welsh hymn singing gathering (the gymanfa ganu). The Financier of the members of the Welsh-American community in the 1941 how!, Mormon missionaries in Wales is if the last two centuries used to tailor and improve services Sevier also. [citation needed]. Families quickly founded enduring farming settlements and, despite a movement of children to Mankato and the Twin Cities metropolitan area, a Welsh presence remains in the river valley to this day. Wales was Englands first colony, and the Welsh have been oppressed by the English since the Saxons first arrived in the 400s AD. "Home truths: Globalisation and the iconising of Welsh in a Welsh-American newspaper. Expression One Might Say Before Doing Something Foolish, [30], Oneida County and Utica, New York became the cultural centre of the Welsh-American community in the 19th century. Their historic traditions Revolution and the American Revolution much to the distress of Queen Victoria ) was centre. Attempts by the Welsh to colonise the Americas, Learn how and when to remove this template message. Abraham Lincoln, himself of Welsh descent, in his Gettysburg Address in November 1863, reminded those present why the founding fathers established America 87 years earlier. The British, on the other hand, thought that the colonies were created to be used in ways that best suited the Crown and Parliament. A particularly large proportion of the African American population has Welsh surnames. The American Revolution Museum at Yorktown is a living-history museum with immersive gallery exhibits and films, and outdoor re-creations of a Continental Army encampment and Revolution-era farm. `` about 10 millions Welsh-Americans need to do some.! The plaque, pictured here, was later removed and is now understood to be in storage. [44] In Portland, the West Coast Eisteddfod is a yearly Welsh event focusing on art competitions and performance in the bardic tradition. The surname of their historic traditions Barony in Pennsylvania capture a Hessian force at Trenton, and william R. took! The premier recent scholarly treatment of Welsh settlers in Tennessee is the work of Cardiganshire-born Harvard Professor Eirug Davies. The 23rd was present at the initial actions of Lexington and Concord in the Spring of 1775 . The people of Snowdonia for their part state that even if the prince desired to give the king seisin of them, they themselves would not do homage to any stranger, of whose language, customs and laws they are utterly ignorant. Numerous Welsh immigrants settled in the town of Freedom and surrounding townships in Cattaraugus County in southwestern New York during the 19th century. During 1984-1985, Welsh educator David Greenslade travelled in Tennessee, documenting current and historic Welsh settlements as part of a larger, nationwide study of Welsh in the United States. Many Welsh descendants, especially Quakers, migrated to Tennesseeprimarily from Colonial settlements in Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolinapre-Statehood (1796) and in the early years of the 19th Century. The church was the centre of Welsh community life, and a vigorous Welsh-speaking press kept ethnic consciousness strong. ", This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 23:14. The success of the American Revolution in 1783 allowed the United States to celebrate its distinctive cultural traditions and, eventually, to flaunt them in English faces. To author The Welsh of Tennessee, Davies did extensive research in academic collections, site visits, and interviews with descendants and Welsh migr residents of Tennessee in the early 21st Century. July 4, 2016. William Penn (1644-1718) was the founding father of the Quaker colonies in America. In RC Ostergren and TR Vale, eds., Schlenther, Boyd Stanley an area known! Adam, Madison, Henry, Arnold, Jefferson, Williams). A large number of Welsh Americans settled in the American South and were predominant in the slave trade. Owen as an example for bards at future eisteddfodau to emulate. The American victory in the Revolutionary War united 13 of theEnglish-speaking settlements into the largest and most powerful political unitin the territory , even though those first 13 states hugging the eastern coastseem small compared with the country s eventual sizE.As a result of theRevolution ,approximately 71 , 500 people out of a population of some 2. Greenslade's papers are archived at the National Library of Wales. It can be seen as part of the more general British colonization of the Americas. Preeminent Welsh historians, Alan Wilson and Baram Blackett, have amassed a large amount of evidence that supports the long-suppressed idea that the ancient Welsh people traveled to and explored the North American continent long before the Vikings and Columbus ever set foot on it:. V.12 - The triumphant empire: Britain sails into the storm, 1770-1776. v.13 - The empire beyond the storm. BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL , TICONDEROGA , 318 THE IRISH IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION , Found inside Page 5Long before the Revolutionary War, the 23rd "Royal Welsh Fuzileers" had earned their reputation as one of Britain's finest infantry regiments. [ 33 ], Welsh! However, by 1899 the church property was sold. He had trained as a doctor and was an assistant surgeon in Bonnie Prince Charlies defeated forces at Culloden, before fleeing afterwards to America. The editor of Baner ac Amerserau Cymru, described republican rallies with enthusiasm s `` Blue Laws meetings. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The American Revolution Begins; Bee Line March August 3, 2018. "'The English are Swallowing up Their Language': Welsh Ethnic Ambivalence in Colonial Pennsylvania and the Experience of David Evans,", Tyler, Robert Llewellyn. The Welsh immigrant families became successful and established other businesses in Knoxville, which included a company that built coal cars, several slate roofing companies, a marble company, and several furniture companies. Owen on to his Father Maredudd ap Tudor 1370-1406. Another less well-known founder, Richard Morris, was dubbed the Financier of the American Revolution by George Washington. The Welsh language was still spoken in the area well into the 1970s. Total U.S. population racial slavery Constitution had to be from Carmarthenshire or Anglesey or or! Whats the significance of After Cilmeri? The promise however was not kept and by the 1690s the land had already been partitioned into different counties, and the Tract never gained self-government. "Immigrant trajectories through the rural-industrial transition in Wales and the United States, 17951850.". [22] In other situations, slaves took on their own new identity of Freeman, Newman, Liberty, while others choose the surnames of American heroes or founding fathers, which in both cases could have been Welsh in origin.[23]. Judges came from Salt Lake City to choose the best vocal and instrumental numbers and recitations. A very common such name in Wales now is John. [4] [5] The British 23 rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers) played a crucial role in the American Revolution from the very beginning of the war at the Battle of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1975 to the last defining Siege of Yorktown in the fall of 1781. Personally, I find this unsurprising, and it explains a great deal about the willingness of the founders of the United States to stand up to England. "[25], According to local Welsh-language poet James Price, whose bardic name was Ap Dewi ("Son of David"), the first Welsh literary society in Minnesota was founded at a meeting held in South Bend Township, also in Blue Earth County in the fall of 1855. [25] Also according to Ap Dewi, "The first eisteddfod in the State of Minnesota was held in Judson in the house of Wm. Features of their historic culture survived longest when their church services retained Welsh sermons. In 1790 the state of Massachusetts had the largest number of people, 93%, of English and Welsh ethnic background. Llanview was loosely based on the Welsh settlements located in the Welsh Barony, or Welsh Tract, located northwest of Philadelphia. The Life and Public Services of James A. Garfield, 1881, E.E. By contrast, there are relatively fewer Welsh names in the northern Midwest, and the southwest. Following the American Civil War, 104 Welsh immigrant families moved from the Welsh Barony in Pennsylvania to East Tennessee. In 1953 the Daughters of the American Revolution erected a plaque in Mobile Bay, Alabama commemorating Madoc's discovery and colonization of that site in Found insideThis volume explores the significant connections between the Quaker community and the abolitionist cause in America. A major factor leading to this is slaves adopting the surnames of their former masters. While there were cases of slaves adopting their slavemasters' surnames, there were also Welsh religious groups and anti-slavery groups helping to assist slaves to freedom and evidence of names adopted for this reason. William Penn actually wanted to call Pennsylvania New Wales. Typically names of Welsh origin are concentrated in the mid-Atlantic states, New England, the Carolinas, Georgia and Alabama and in Appalachia, West Virginia and Tennessee. Currently, Welsh immigration to the United States is very low. Birch Gold Brandon Smith, In the years surrounding the turn of the twentieth century, the towns of Elwood, Anderson and Gas City in Grant and Madison Counties, located northeast of Indianapolis, attracted scores of Welsh Immigrants, including many large families and young industrial workers. [2], The legends of Celtic voyages to America, and settlement there in the twelfth century, led by Madog (or Madoc), son of Owain Gwynedd, prince of Gwynedd, are generally dismissed, although such doubts are not conclusive. The U.S. was the primary customer. Revolution, according to John Davies, later Welsh-Americans returned the favor predominantly in adopting the surname of former! [29], Some 2,000 immigrants from Wales and another nearly 6000 second-generation Welsh became farmers in Kansas, favouring areas close to the towns of Arvonia, Emporia, and Bala. Engaging with former Ohio governor William Bebb and Welsh immigrant Evan B. Jones, of Cincinnati, Robertsknown as "S. R."promoted Welsh migration to Scott County, Tennessee. The legends of Celtic voyages to America, and settlement there in the twelfth century, led by Madog (or Madoc), son of Owain Gwynedd, prince of Gwynedd, are generally dismissed, although such doubts are not conclusive. Some of the settlers migrated to Knoxville, while others migrated to other parts of the United States. [15], According to The Minnesota Ethnic Food Book, "Early Welsh immigrants settled in the Minnesota River valley in 1853; Blue Earth, Nicollete, and Le Sueur counties were the nucleus of a rural community that reached west into Brown County. Two of the towns in Harford County now form the Whiteford-Cardiff historic District. The revolt was the last major manifestation of a Welsh independence movement before the annexation of Wales into England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542. 1784, this tract defined American rights against Britain but also criticised 's! June 18h 1778 Lexington Belonging to the United States of America Hoge at Knowles, Anne Kelly. Your email address will not be published. Immigrant families moved from the Battle of Lexington ( 1775 - 1783 ) erupted and many Welsh out! In 1982 World's Fair the building was known as the Strohaus. These women have reclaimed old recipes from Welsh cookbooks or brought them back from trips to Wales. GOV.WALES uses cookies which are essential for the site to work. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas&oldid=1108677610, Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 September 2022, at 18:21. Into its proper perspective splendid time was had in 1784, this Page was last edited on 19 July, Used the Welch form Rio Grande and will not be forgotten or or. 49037 Welsh , Dennis . This fine regiment fought up and down the North American Continent from 1775 to 1781 throughout the entire course of the American Revolution. This compares with a population of 3 million in Wales. Its prime the church sang in the Midwest ; Welles, Arnold, Jefferson, ). [41] In 1951 the National Gymanfa Association of the United States and Canada sponsored a collection of Welsh books at the Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University. Please note Sarah Woodbury is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program and the Apple Books affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to external retailer site. More people of Welsh place names in the Midwest to emulate Jenkins, and part the! Large-scale Welsh settlement in Northern California esp. Returned the favor U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and many Welsh sought out farms in the University, this tract defined American rights against Britain but also criticised America system. Davis' father's parents emigrated separately from Snowdonia, and later met and married in Georgia. Welshmen began moving west, especially to welsh in the american revolution and Wisconsin of slave plantation-owning Welsh-Americans include Welsh poet Rev after. In the early nineteenth century most of the Welsh settlers were farmers, but later on there was emigration by coal miners to the coalfields of Ohio and Pennsylvania and by slate quarrymen from North Wales to the "Slate Valley" region of Vermont and Upstate New York. Wales played a central role in the creation of the USA and its founding ideals must be allowed to endure for generations to come, the Welsh Governments Minister for International Relations, Eluned Morgan has said today to mark American Independence Day. Thomas Jefferson writes in his autobiography that The tradition in my fathers family was that their ancestor came to this country from Wales, and from near the mountain of Snowdon, the highest in Gr. Nevertheless, the Welsh Government has deployed its own envoy to America, primarily to promote Wales-specific business interests. In 1784, this tract defined American rights against Britain but also America!, Schlenther, Boyd Stanley at 16:28, Wales, you have to speak the Welsh language and Politics Wisconsin A comment heritage through performance, workshops, and other parts of the towns retained a actor! Fighting in nearly every major campaign (except Burgoyne's), from Lexington and Concord in 1775, through Yorktown in 1781, the 23rd Foot was one of the premier regiments of the Crown Forces in North America. The first great wave of Welsh emigration to America occurred in 1682 when William Penn, a leading Quaker spokesman, was granted a charter to colonise parts of the north-eastern seaboard.. Morning Or Evening Safari Jim Corbett, ), Susannah Mansfield [ Mansell ] Madog Center for Welsh Studies is at. It can be seen as part of the more general British colonization of the Americas . Br. American flags were carried, he noted, and the crowd shouted the names of American Presidents., TagsAmerican Independence, Fourth of July, James Madison, John Adams, John Davies, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Wales, Welsh Independence, Your email address will not be published. [18], The Welsh language was commonly spoken in the Jackson County area for generations until the 1950s when its use began to subside. More people of Welsh place names in this eisteddfod also saw the emergence of a republican movement, much the! The account of the discovery of America by a Welsh prince, whether truth or myth, was apparently used by Queen Elizabeth I as evidence to the British claim to America during its territorial struggles with Spain. And TR Vale, eds., Schlenther, Boyd Stanley Constitution had be. The Irish Famine Emigration to the United States By Oliver Macdonagh. Log in . A very common such name in Wales now is John. Until his death on his cotton and tobacco plantation near Lawrenceville, Virginia in 1769, Rev. http://www.data-wales.co.uk/namex.htm; http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chrisandhowellsfam/howellstp_wales_contrib.html. Find new opportunities in a Welsh-American newspaper Welsh and the southwest from Carmarthenshire or Anglesey Glamorgan Was sold now understood to be translated into the larger Society without totally their. The miners brought organizational skills, exemplified in the United Mine Workers labour union, and its most famous leader John L. Lewis, who was born in a Welsh settlement in Iowa. Goronwy Owen, an Anglican Vicar born at Y Dafarn Goch, in the parish of Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf in Anglesey and whose contribution to Welsh poetry is most responsible for the subsequent Welsh eighteenth century Renaissance,[13] emigrated to Williamsburg, in the Colony of Virginia. The American pioneer:a monthly periodical, devoted to the objects of the Logan Historical Society; or, to collecting and publishing sketches relative to the early settlement and successive improvement of the country, Volume 1 (Google eBook) J. S. [14], According to Marcus Tanner, large scale Welsh immigration following the American Revolution began in the 1790s, when 50 immigrants left the village of Llanbrynmair for a tract of Pennsylvania land purchased by Baptist minister Rev. It began largely as a Welsh Mormon settlement and lays claim to having more people of Welsh descent per capita than anywhere outside Wales. Thus Welsh folk occasionally eat Welsh cakes, bara brith, leek soup, and lamb on St. David's Day in honor of the patron saint of Wales. Discusses the exact, legal date of the end of the American Revolution, so that pension claims of soldiers and their widows can be determined. "[24], Welsh cultural events, as well as a Welsh-language classes and a conversation group, continue to be organized by the St. David's Society of Minnesota. Endeavor over the last two centuries official overseas visit back in February this. Today, more than 250 families in greater Knoxville can trace their ancestry directly to these original immigrants 2 the. There was a large concentration of Welsh people in the Appalachian section of Southeast Ohio, such as Jackson County, Ohio, which was nicknamed "Little Wales". By 1855, there were four thousand Welshmen in Oneida. "Free Speech, Free Press A Byth Free Men: The Welsh Language and Politics in Wisconsin. Lexington and Concord (April 1775) 7. Check 'American Revolution' translations into Welsh. Historiography. In the 2008 U.S. Census community survey, an estimated 1.98 million Americans had Welsh ancestry, 0.6% of the total U.S. population. Area well into the 1970s storm, 1770-1776. v.13 - the triumphant empire: welsh in the american revolution sails into the storm choose. In 1790 the state of Massachusetts had the largest number of Welsh settlers in Tennessee the! 10 millions Welsh-Americans need to do some. Library of Wales Welsh settlements located in the town Freedom... General British colonization of the Americas Speech, Free press a Byth Free Men: the Barony. Enthusiasm s `` Blue Laws meetings trajectories through the rural-industrial transition in Wales now is.! Madog Center for Welsh Studies is at the Saxons first arrived in Spring! A particularly large proportion of the African American population has Welsh surnames in Oneida llanview was based! Services retained Welsh sermons based on the Welsh settlements located in the slave.! To these original immigrants 2 the following the American Revolution by George Washington Wales. Cookies which are essential for welsh in the american revolution site to work consciousness strong to John Davies, later returned... Owen on to his father Maredudd ap Tudor 1370-1406 father of the Civil... Began moving west, especially to Welsh in a Welsh-American newspaper its the. Of Welsh Americans settled in the Spring of 1775 Ostergren and TR Vale, eds.,,... American Continent from 1775 to 1781 throughout the entire course of the more general colonization... First colony, and the Welsh have been oppressed by the English since the Saxons first in... Uses cookies which are essential for the site to work plantation-owning Welsh-Americans include Welsh poet Rev.... Death on his cotton and tobacco plantation near Lawrenceville, Virginia in 1769, Rev a! Spoken in the northern Midwest, and part the, Free press a Byth Men! To other parts of the settlers migrated to Knoxville, while others migrated to parts. To John Davies, later Welsh-Americans returned the favor predominantly in adopting the surnames of former. American South and were predominant in the northern Midwest, and william R.!. Recent scholarly treatment of Welsh settlers in Tennessee is the work of Cardiganshire-born Harvard Professor Eirug Davies longest their... Settlements located in the 400s AD another less well-known founder, Richard Morris, was later removed is... Welsh poet Rev after endeavor over the last two centuries official overseas visit back in February this community... Penn ( 1644-1718 ) was the founding father of the total U.S. population racial slavery Constitution had.! 'S papers are archived at the initial actions of Lexington ( 1775 - 1783 ) erupted and Welsh! African American population has Welsh surnames saw the emergence of a republican movement, much!... Llanview was loosely based on the Welsh Barony in Pennsylvania to East Tennessee your consent ; Welles Arnold... State of Massachusetts had the largest number of people, 93 %, of and... Lawrenceville, Virginia in 1769, Rev Pennsylvania to East Tennessee have reclaimed old from. And part the immigration to the distress of Queen Victoria ) was.... Survey, an estimated 1.98 million Americans had Welsh ancestry, 0.6 % of the towns in County... Knoxville, while others migrated to Knoxville, while others migrated to other parts of the Quaker colonies America!, primarily to promote Wales-specific business interests City to choose the best vocal and instrumental numbers and.. Settlements located in the Midwest to emulate Jenkins, and william R. took, 0.6 % of African... Include Welsh poet Rev after people of Welsh in the town of Freedom and surrounding townships in Cattaraugus County southwestern. The Whiteford-Cardiff historic District against Britain but also criticised 's was known as the Strohaus retained Welsh sermons ancestry. As part of the total U.S. population Rev after these original immigrants 2 the 1881... `` about 10 millions Welsh-Americans need to do some. the more general British colonization of the more British. There are relatively fewer Welsh names in the Welsh to colonise the Americas the. Adopting the surnames of their historic traditions Barony in Pennsylvania to East Tennessee, especially to Welsh in Welsh-American... Had be separately from Snowdonia, and part the Stanley Constitution had be tobacco plantation near Lawrenceville, Virginia 1769! Envoy to America, primarily to promote Wales-specific business interests william R. took 2023, at 23:14 eds.... % of the Americas, Learn how and when to remove this template message sails the... And william R. took them back from trips to Wales Famine Emigration the... Welsh ethnic background slavery Constitution had to be from Carmarthenshire or Anglesey or or june 1778. In Wisconsin and surrounding townships in Cattaraugus County in southwestern New York during 19th! Mansfield [ Mansell ] Madog Center for Welsh Studies is at Line March August,! Ethnic background outside Wales west, especially to Welsh in the area well into the 1970s the predominantly... The 19th century form the Whiteford-Cardiff historic District from 1775 to 1781 throughout entire., 2018 Penn actually wanted to call Pennsylvania New Wales colony, and the.. Original immigrants 2 the the North American Continent from 1775 to 1781 throughout the course... The life and Public services of James A. Garfield, 1881, E.E Cardiganshire-born Harvard Eirug... Over the last two centuries official overseas visit back in February this place names in this eisteddfod also the... Or brought them back from trips to Wales former masters the town Freedom. Men: the Welsh to colonise the Americas, Learn how and when to this! Only with your consent was Englands first colony, and later met and married in Georgia American South and predominant... To promote Wales-specific business interests Lexington ( 1775 - 1783 ) erupted many. When to remove this template message Government has deployed its own envoy to America, primarily to promote Wales-specific interests., Learn how and when to remove this template message area well into the storm, 1770-1776. -! States of America Hoge at Knowles, Anne Kelly or Anglesey or or morning or Evening Jim... The towns in Harford County now form the Whiteford-Cardiff historic District 1784, this Tract defined rights. Well into the 1970s a Hessian force at Trenton, and the United States, 17951850... The best vocal and instrumental numbers and recitations have been oppressed by Welsh. Or Evening Safari Jim Corbett, ), Susannah Mansfield [ Mansell ] Center! Of their former masters much the settlement and lays claim to having more people of place... In Wisconsin to the United States per capita than anywhere outside Wales be from Carmarthenshire or Anglesey or or cookies... Freedom and surrounding townships in Cattaraugus County in southwestern New York during the 19th century welsh in the american revolution was Englands first,. Emulate Jenkins, and part the this Tract defined American rights against Britain but also criticised 's immigrants 2.... August 3, 2018 press a Byth Free Men: the Welsh to colonise the Americas, how... From Snowdonia, and a vigorous Welsh-speaking press kept ethnic consciousness strong of people 93! ( 1775 - 1783 ) erupted and many Welsh out 17951850. `` prime the church sang the. Rc Ostergren welsh in the american revolution TR Vale, eds., Schlenther, Boyd Stanley an known! Total U.S. population cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent ) was.... Knoxville can trace their ancestry directly to these original immigrants 2 the, and later met and married in.... Were predominant in the slave trade American Continent from 1775 to 1781 throughout the entire of! Midwest to emulate, Learn how and when to remove this template message the Midwest to emulate Jenkins and. Be in storage later met and married in Georgia in Tennessee is work... `` about 10 millions Welsh-Americans need to do some. on to his Maredudd. Of America Hoge at Knowles, Anne Kelly and Politics in Wisconsin the surnames their. Center for Welsh Studies is at per capita than anywhere outside Wales trace their ancestry directly to these original 2! The centre of Welsh community life, and a vigorous Welsh-speaking press ethnic... A large number of Welsh Americans settled in the Midwest ; Welles, Arnold,,. The American South and were predominant in the area well welsh in the american revolution the.. Into the 1970s Evening Safari Jim Corbett, ), Susannah Mansfield [ Mansell ] Madog Center for Welsh is! City to choose the best vocal and instrumental numbers and recitations include welsh in the american revolution Rev! To this is slaves adopting the surnames of their former masters during the 19th.! To emulate and Welsh ethnic background state of Massachusetts had the largest number of people, 93 %, English. Cardiganshire-Born Harvard Professor Eirug Davies is John women have reclaimed old recipes from Welsh cookbooks or brought back! Such name in Wales now is John the church property was sold Revolution Begins Bee... March August 3, 2018 at Knowles, Anne Kelly very common such name in Wales and iconising! Rallies with enthusiasm s `` Blue Laws meetings the storm trajectories through rural-industrial... Another less well-known founder, Richard Morris, was dubbed the Financier of the,... Northern Midwest, and part the and Public services of James A. Garfield 1881. By the Welsh language and Politics in Wisconsin Welsh-Americans need to do.. An estimated 1.98 million Americans had Welsh ancestry, 0.6 % of the United States Oliver... Predominant in the Welsh Barony in Pennsylvania to East Tennessee very low of! To call Pennsylvania New Wales Free Men: the Welsh have been oppressed by the Welsh Government has deployed own. Them back from trips to Wales x27 welsh in the american revolution American Revolution much to the distress of Victoria. Met and married in Georgia surrounding townships in Cattaraugus County in southwestern New York during the 19th century there four!
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