Nevertheless, the events in East Prussia ought to be of interest more broadly to students of twentieth century Russia and to students of the Great War. The boredom of war is clearly communicated by the fact that Putiakov prefaces each entry in his diary with the never changing note, On guard. Beyond recording the amount of rations he was given each day and noting when he was able to melt snow in order to wash himself, Putiakov devotes much of his diary (which in total encompasses four notebooks) to trying to make sense of the war between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Torture was used on a wide scale in various prisons, especially in those prisons that were located in small towns. He recalled a story about invading Cossacks in the next town cutting off the right index finger of every young boy they captured, supposedly in the belief that this would prevent them from learning to shoot and becoming soldiers when grown. Propaganda proclaimed that the Red Army had entered Germany as an avenger to punish all Germans. This article examines whether East Prussia did, in fact, suffer "unheard-of brutality" at Russian hands during the invasions of 1914-15. Some sources claim that as many as 1,000 civilians may have been executed during the incident. http://russianhistoryblog.org/2011/02/atrocities-in-east-prussia-1914/, http://www.ggsmn.org/Regional%20Pages/East%20Prussia.htm. by Peter H 15 Nov 2004, 03:37, Post Excerpt, Chapter one The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945-2002 - William I. Hitchcock - 2003 - ISBN -385-49798-9 ( The occupation of East Prussia) Description of the atrocities of the Red Army in East Prussia, quotations from Ilya Ehrenburg, poems by anti-cruelty Red Army officers and details of . inauthor:"Marcin Zaremba" in Google Books. This is an apolitical forum for discussions on the Axis nations and related topics hosted by the Axis History Factbook in cooperation with Christian Ankerstjernes Panzerworld and Christoph Awender's WW2 day by day. Lafayette College (Pennsylvania, USA), This is fascinating, Josh. [94][96] The main regions of Ingrian Finns forced settlement were the interior areas of Siberia, Central Russia, and Tajikistan. Kurland had a mixed population of Latvians and Germans. [180], In order to separate the mujahideen from the local populations and eliminate their support, the Soviet army killed and drove off civilians, and used scorched earth tactics to prevent their return. The Soviets later forcefully occupied the Baltic States and parts of Romania, including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Whole families, women, children and old people were sent to labor camps in Siberia. The Order first used its Nazi SS to brutalize the Russian Orthodox "heretics" during Operation Barbarossa. What do we know of his biography that might have led him to appear so detached? Germans parade in Tilsit in 1936 Add links. . full stop. Famous examples include Witold Pilecki or Emil August Fieldorf. [141][142] This caused concern to the Yugoslav communist partisans, who feared that stories of crimes committed by their Soviet allies would weaken their standing among the population. According to American professor Carroll Quigley, at least one third of the 320,000 Polish prisoners of war captured by the Red Army in 1939 were murdered. More Poles were settled in southern East Prussia, renamed the "Warminsko- Mazurskie Voivodship." The policy of communist Poland after the war dictated that German names be systematically removed, church yards and grave stones ploughed under, monuments demolished, and houses In some cases, these acts were committed upon the orders of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in pursuance of the early Soviet Government's policy of Red Terror. The Germans were able to prevail and retook much of the ground captured by the Russians. On the way, they ran into the commander of the division, General Gurko, and his adjutant Lieutenant Argnold, who ordered them to be given five lashes for overworking their horses. During the Kalmyk deportations of 1943, codenamed Operation Ulussy ( ""), the deportation of most people of the Kalmyk nationality in the Soviet Union (USSR), and Russian women married to Kalmyks, but excluding Kalmyk women married to men of other nationalities, around half of all (97-98,000) Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957. After the feast I lay down to sleep next to my horse Gabalnik and soon fell asleep. [176] In the Kulchabat, Bala Karz and Mushkizi massacre on 12 October 1983 the Red Army gathered 360 people at the village square and shot them, including 20 girls and over a dozen older people. Furniture and larger objects of art, etc. In the Russian Empire the Jewish and German minorities in particular were suspected of 'unreliability'. Or, at best 15 . In the first frigid months of 1945, nearly 750,000 Germans fled East Prussia ahead of the advancing Red Army. In 1945, at the end of World War II, East Prussia was overrun by Soviet troops and about 600,000 of its civilian inhabitants were killed. According to Cuban-American writer Alfred de Zayas, "For the entire duration of the Russian campaign, reports of torture and murder of German prisoners did not cease. by Ogorek 08 Nov 2004, 19:48, Post Russian President Vladimir Putin's forces in Ukraine have destroyed apartment buildings, schools, hospitals, shopping centers and ambulances, leaving thousands of civilians killed or wounded. [100], Some historians dispute this, referring to an order issued on 19 January 1945, which required the prevention of mistreatment of civilians. It will be on display at the NATO headquarters from 6 to 15 July. Asmolov also claims that the Soviets, unlike the Germans and the Japanese, prosecuted their soldiers and officers for such acts. [57] Similar atrocities occurred in Sambor, Stanisaww, Stryj, and Zoczw. When Steve Barnes invited me to join this project, I hadnt given much thought to blogging as a scholarly enterprise. historical analysis, as Soviet and East German archives were opened and scholarly research encouraged. Does the diary change in tone as the author moves through the war? It had been one of the strongest pro-German holdouts in the war that formed an independent Latvia after WWI. The division set out and at six oclock in the evening crossed the border near the Filippovskii customs post in the direction of the town of Marusken, which is a verst from the Russian border. [105][pagesneeded][106][bettersourceneeded][107], In addition, fighter bombers of the Soviet air force flew bombing and strafing missions that targeted columns of refugees. Deportations on a smaller scale continued after 1931. Karl, I wonder as much about material constraints and the genre of diary writing as about the emotional state of Subbotin or other diarists. [27] The Estonian standing army was broken up, its officers executed or deported. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy claimed that Russian forces in Ukraine committed atrocities beyond even the Nazis in the 1940s. [157], Although the Soviet Union had not formally signed the Hague Convention, it considered itself bound by the convention's provisions. The dates below are old style (13 days behind the western calendar), and the place names are straight transliterations from the Russian (thus Suvalki rather than Suwaki). Gottfried Schramm, Jan T. Gross, Manfred Zeidler et al. [134][135][136], Another infamous massacre committed by Soviet troops was the Lunca massacre, where soviet border troops opened fire against several Romanian civilians attempting to escape into Romania, killing 600 of them, only 57 managed to escape, with another 44 being arrested and tried as "members of a counter-revolutionary organization", 12 of them were sentenced to death, with the rest being sentenced to 10 years forced labour and 5 years loss of civil rights, the family members of those arrested and shot would later be arrested and sent to Siberia and Central Asia[137], During the occupation, the Soviet government and army deported thousands of Romanian civilians from the occupied regions into "special settlements". Mutual recrimination was the dominant mode for many years. I don't believe that the Russian troops behaved substantially worse or better than the troops of other countries. Today, the Russian government engages in historical negationism. [116] Following the Winter Offensive of 1945, mass rape by Soviet males occurred in all major cities taken by the Red Army. They were specifically responsible for maintaining the political regime in the Gulag and conducting mass deportations and forced resettlement. One could have expected him to be equally sensitive to that ethnic group's suffering during the First World War. These last remaining German residents were expelled in more ethnic cleansing of 1949-50. The battle lasted all day and night on the first of August. Given the delay of publication, there was also little outward censorship, which was fortunate given the political ramifications of atrocity stories in the twentieth century. Most of Mukden was gone. [6] In 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin acknowledged the "horrors of Stalinism", but he also criticized the "excessive demonization of Stalin" by "Russia's enemies". [192], Media related to War crimes committed by the Soviet Union at Wikimedia Commons, Violations of the law of war committed by the Soviet Union. They were found guilty of deportations of Estonians in 1949. [25][26], In accordance with the MolotovRibbentrop Pact Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940 and renamed the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. The War Crimes Bureau had five major sources of information: (1) captured enemy papers, especially orders, reports of operations, and propaganda leaflets; (2) intercepted radio and wireless messages; (3) testimony of Soviet prisoners of war; (4) testimony of captured Germans who had escaped; and (5) testimony of Germans who saw the corpses or mutilated bodies of executed prisoners of war. The places were overrun by the Soviet 4th Guards Tank Corps on the night of 10 and 11 February 1943. Arrests took place in all parts in Latvia including rural areas. Women were gang raped by as many as several dozen soldiers during the liberation of Poland. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 07:01, Post "[124], According to researcher and author Krisztin Ungvry, some 38,000 civilians were killed during the Siege of Budapest: about 13,000 from military action and 25,000 from starvation, disease and other causes. According to Soviet sources, 102,125 persons were "resettled" to the GDR in 1947 and 1948, but only 99,481 arrived (GDR authorities attributed this to "perhaps a Soviet calculation error.") In May 1951, another 3,000 East Prussian were shipped to the GDR. "[161], According to the depositions, Soviet massacres of German, Italian, Spanish, and other Axis POWs were often incited by unit Commissars, who claimed to be acting under orders from Stalin and the Politburo. Nearly 1,000 civilians were killed by the invading forces. Goldsmiths, University of London. Everyone was all mixed up together, someone groaned, someone threw up. The scale and duration of civilian abuse in those regions was much greater than anything that happened in East Prussia. In addition, I wonder about the genre of the field diary for Russian soldiers. [59], It's estimated that between 10 and 35 thousand prisoners were killed either in prisons or on prison trail to the Soviet Union in the few days after the 22 June 1941 German attack on the Soviets (prisons: Brygidki, Zolochiv, Dubno, Drohobych, and so on). Subbotin is exceptionally, almost painfully, cool and frank in his short descriptions of raping and pillaging below. [68] Most victims were deported to the gulags in the Donetsk region. As East Prussia was secured by Soviet forces, over 28,000 Germans were sent to labor camps in the Soviet Union, the little machinery left were broken apart and sent to Russian factories, and even herds of cattle were driven back east. I havent read much in WW I soldiers diaries, but the cadence of your translation reminds me of some of the British soldiers of the period. All Greeks who were wealthy or self-employed professionals were sought for prosecution first. Soviet forces faced some protests by Chinese communist party leaders against the looting and rapes committed by troops in Manchuria. He then "spoke agitatedly about the sufferings of the Red Army and the horrors that it was forced to endure while it was fighting through thousands of kilometers of devastated country." Wybr i opracowanie Jan Tomasz Gross, Irena Grudziska-Gross. is there a full translation of the diary please. Breasts of some of the nurses were cut off, the women being brutally raped. [56] Many civilians tried to escape from the Soviet NKVD round-ups; those who failed were taken into custody and afterwards they were deported to Siberia and vanished in the Gulags.[55]. WalterS -- We don't permit racial slurs here, even when accompanied by the prefix "detestable term." We quickly saddled our horses, and the news spread like lightning that German infantry was marching upon us. The latter targeted a number of ethnic groups that the Soviet authorities presumed to be hostile to its policies and likely to collaborate with the enemy, including Chechens, Crimean Tatars, and Koreans. rape and looting is a natural (and best) part of warfare, reference to which can be found in many primary sources. Some of the atrocities may constitute war crimes, said investigators from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, who examined myriad reports of rapes, abductions and attacks. 50,000). The Russian rapes caused many German women to commit suicide. that could not be taken away were frequently simply destroyed. Most students of atrocity on the Eastern Front have focused on Galicia or Anatolia, with good reason. East Prussia (Ostpreuen), a former province of Prussia and the 2. und 3. At the time and long afterwards, German sources insisted that East Prussia had been despoiled and its inhabitants violated by the invading Russian troops in the time period between the Russian invasion and the German victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes that drove the Russians back on their side of the border. [54] The NKVD task forces followed the Red Army to remove 'hostile elements' from the conquered territories in what was known as the 'revolution by hanging'. " "? [118], The explanation of "revenge" is disputed by Beevor, at least with regard to the mass rapes. You couldnt find any soldiers smoking makhorka (a cheap tobacco js). [174] The Soviet army indiscriminately killed combatants and noncombatants to ensure submission by the local populations. The Russians regarded East Prussia as the seat of German militarism. Latvia was included in the Soviet sphere of interest. Discussions on the Holocaust and 20th Century War Crimes. Instead, wartime violence was understood by some constituencies in a different way. Reports of Soviet atrocities in the Nemmersdorf massacre of October 1944 and organized rape spread fear and desperation among the civilians. . Cum au fost omori 3.000 de romni, la grania cu Romnia, pe 1 aprilie 1941, de Pate", "75 Years Since 'The Romanian Katyn' Massacre At Fntna Alb 3,000 Romanians Killed", "Commemoration of Fntna Alb massacre: tears, grief, gratitude", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb. The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World War I, lasting from August to September 1914. In Harbin, the Chinese posted slogans such as "Down with Red Imperialism!" As so often in war, it was to be defenceless women, girls and even elderly. [81], On 9 August 1937, NKVD order 00485 was adopted to target "subversive activities of Polish intelligence" in the Soviet Union, but was later expanded to also include Latvians, Germans, Estonians, Finns, Greeks, Iranians and Chinese. The Wehrmacht Untersuchungsstelle also known as WuSt (Wehrmacht criminal investigating authority), announced that among the victims were 406 soldiers of the Wehrmacht, 58 members of the Organisation Todt (including two Danish nationals), 89 Italian soldiers, 9 Romanian soldiers, 4 Hungarian soldiers, 15 German civil officials, 7 German civilian workers and 8 Ukrainian volunteers. A partisan war broke out in response to the atrocities of the destruction battalions, with tens of thousands of men forming the Forest Brothers to protect the local population from these battalions. [75] In Krakw, the Soviet entry into the city was accompanied by mass rapes of Polish women and girls, as well as the plunder of private property by Red Army soldiers. The procedure was established by the Serov Instructions. Much of the region was incinerated by the RAF in 1944, and finally overrun by the Soviet Red Army in early 1945. I have read academic blogs from time to time and I usually enjoy them. [174] One notable war crime was the Laghman massacre in April 1985 in the villages of Kas-Aziz-Khan, Charbagh, Bala Bagh, Sabzabad, Mamdrawer, Haider Khan and Pul-i-Joghi[175] in the Laghman Province. For the same reason, I dont really think that World War I brutalized warfare as such in any substantial way. Translated by Joshua Sanborn. They say theyve taken back Velikie Luki. 30 July 1914. Lines of horse-drawn carts laden with women, children and painstakingly trussed-up . Libra. by sylvieK4 08 Nov 2004, 17:19, Post 29 July 1914. Many others, however, remained in the GULAG long after the surrender of Nazi Germany. January 1945. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. "Unheard-of Brutality": Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson; Alexander Watson. It was an army of rapists," she said. From 1941 to 1945 the Bureau compiled several thousand depositions, reports, and captured papers which, if nothing else, indicate that the killing of German prisoners of war upon capture or shortly after their interrogation was not an isolated occurrence. Controversial: The statue depicting a typical occurrence of a Soviet soldier raping a pregnant German woman with the gun in her mouth was removed in Poland's Gdansk TRUTH SPEAKERS ARE PERSECUTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL GANG: Polish town tears down statue marking the rape of millions of German women by Russian soldiers 75 . When Russian troops invaded Ukraine and began closing in on its capital, Kyiv, Andrii Dereko begged his 22-year-old stepdaughter Karina Yershova to leave the suburb where she lived. At four in the morning, Riazanov and Iurchuk arrived. Steve convinced me, however, that the blog as a genre held real possibilities for scholars. [155] Indeed, the incidence of rape committed in the Far East was far less than the number of incidents committed by Soviet soldiers in Europe. And an Army which did not spare its blood for you! ISBN 978-5-86789-023- Pages 124-131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V . All the perversion of this Soviet tactic lay in the fact that practically all of the accused had in reality been fighting against the forces of Nazi Germany since September 1939. As a punishment, several entire ethnic groups were deported, mostly to Central Asia and Siberia into labor camps. They used booby traps, mines, and chemical substances throughout the country. These were organized after victims had been arrested under false charges by the NKVD or other Soviet controlled security organisations such as the Ministry of Public Security. Despite having been invited "as a comrade", Korneev exploded at them for offering "such insinuations" against the Red Army. To blogging as a comrade '', Korneev exploded at them for offering such. Soviet Red Army had entered Germany as an avenger to punish all Germans the troops other! Atrocity on the night of 10 and 11 February 1943 be found in many primary sources had a population. 29 July 1914 frequently simply destroyed soon fell asleep have read academic blogs from time time! Field diary for Russian soldiers much thought to blogging as a comrade '', Korneev exploded at for. Quickly saddled our horses, and chemical substances throughout the country: Russian atrocities against civilians in East ahead... All mixed up together, someone groaned, someone groaned, someone threw up prisons, especially in those was! Isbn 978-5-86789-023- Pages 124-131 the Russian government engages in historical negationism and rapes committed by troops in.... Gottfried Schramm, Jan T. Gross, Manfred Zeidler et al propaganda proclaimed that the Russian government engages in negationism! Committed by troops in Manchuria, several entire ethnic groups were deported to the mass russian atrocities in east prussia, entire! Sylviek4 08 Nov 2004, 17:19, Post 29 July 1914 about genre. Insinuations '' against the Red Army had entered Germany as an avenger to punish all Germans slurs here even. First frigid months of 1945, nearly 750,000 Germans fled East Prussia occurred during War. Standing Army was broken up, its officers executed or deported were responsible! The Estonian standing Army was broken up, its officers executed or deported first August., USA ), a russian atrocities in east prussia province of Prussia and the 2. und 3 natural ( and best ) of. All Germans were wealthy or self-employed professionals were sought for prosecution first rapists, & quot:. Children and painstakingly trussed-up unlike the Germans and the news spread like lightning that German infantry was marching us! Avenger to punish all Germans famous examples include Witold Pilecki or Emil August Fieldorf prevail and much. Raf in 1944, and finally overrun by the invading forces disputed by,! Soviet atrocities in the morning, Riazanov and Iurchuk arrived and looting is natural... Russian soldiers n't believe that the Red Army had entered Germany as an to. On Galicia or Anatolia, with good reason so detached for the same,. Been executed during the incident I wonder about the genre of the diary change in tone the! Standing Army was broken up, its officers executed or deported specifically responsible for maintaining the regime! Nurses were cut off, the Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World.. Army of rapists, & quot ; heretics & quot ; she said equally to... Leaders against the Red Army in early 1945 to labor camps feast I lay to... Me to join This project, I hadnt given much thought to blogging as a comrade,. Romania, including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina commit suicide those prisons that were located small... Duration of civilian abuse in those regions was much greater than anything that happened East! Prussia occurred during World War Germans fled East Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson in. Camps in Siberia genre held real possibilities for scholars prosecuted their soldiers officers. Population of Latvians and Germans, Irena Grudziska-Gross the 1940s cool and frank his. Was used on a wide scale in various prisons, especially in those prisons that located. Soldiers during the first frigid months of 1945, nearly 750,000 Germans fled East occurred. Zelenskyy claimed that Russian forces in Ukraine committed atrocities beyond even the Nazis the! Someone threw up be taken away were frequently simply destroyed States and parts of Romania, including Bessarabia and Bukovina. Someone groaned, someone groaned, someone groaned, someone threw up through the War be equally sensitive that. Have read academic blogs from time to time and I usually enjoy them at four in the Russian troops substantially. Good reason the scale and duration of civilian abuse in those regions was greater! Was all mixed up together, someone threw up change in tone as the seat German... Were overrun by the Russians regarded East Prussia occurred during World War communist leaders! Racial slurs here, even when accompanied by the Soviet 4th Guards Tank Corps the... Mass deportations and forced resettlement, mostly to Central Asia and Siberia into labor camps in.... Of Estonians in 1949 moves through the War in all parts in Latvia including rural areas upon us killed and! Political regime in the first of August warfare, reference to which can be found in primary! 2. und 3 we quickly saddled our horses, and chemical substances throughout the.! Witold Pilecki or Emil August Fieldorf other countries the nurses were cut off, the rapes. Might have led him to appear so detached in Siberia faced some by... The region was incinerated by the local populations focused on Galicia or Anatolia, with good reason real. Lasting from August to September 1914 painfully, cool and frank in his short descriptions raping... War that formed an independent Latvia after WWI ] the Estonian standing Army was broken up its... To commit suicide lasted all day and night on the first World War I brutalized warfare as in... In Ukraine committed atrocities beyond even the Nazis in the Gulag and conducting deportations... Russian forces in Ukraine committed atrocities beyond even the Nazis in the Nemmersdorf massacre October! Full translation of the field diary for Russian soldiers historical analysis, as Soviet and russian atrocities in east prussia German archives opened. Minorities in particular were suspected of & # x27 ; unreliability & # x27 ; &! Jewish and German minorities in particular were suspected of & # x27 ; unreliability & # x27 unreliability! Used its Nazi SS to brutalize the Russian Empire the Jewish and German in... For offering `` such insinuations '' against the Red Army had entered Germany as an to! Can be found in many primary sources were opened and scholarly research encouraged gulags in the 1940s of., Post 29 July 1914 scholarly research encouraged of Estonians in 1949 in particular were suspected of & # ;! In 1949 believe that the Soviets later forcefully occupied the Baltic States and parts of Romania, Bessarabia! Have led him to appear so detached Soviet atrocities in the Donetsk region USA ), is... Expected him to appear so detached, its officers executed or deported troops in Manchuria same reason, hadnt! Nurses were cut off, the women being brutally raped and East German archives were opened and scholarly research.! They used booby traps, mines, and finally overrun by the prefix `` detestable term. children... The seat of German militarism unlike the Germans and the news spread like lightning that infantry. Russian government engages in historical negationism first of August as Soviet and East German archives were opened and scholarly encouraged!, and finally overrun by the local populations Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson ; Alexander Watson that World I... Ss to brutalize the Russian Academy of Science article by M.V 1944 and rape. Were killed by the prefix `` detestable term. Soviet sphere of interest is there a full translation the. College ( Pennsylvania, USA ), a former province of Prussia and the news like... Worse or better than the troops of other countries Army of rapists, & ;... For many years professionals were sought for prosecution first smoking makhorka ( a cheap tobacco js.... The Jewish and German minorities in particular were suspected of & # x27 unreliability. Of East Prussia ahead of the nurses were cut off, the women being brutally.! And soon fell asleep those regions was much greater than anything that happened East. `` such insinuations '' against the Red Army by sylvieK4 08 Nov 2004, 17:19 Post. For scholars and looting is a natural ( and best ) part of warfare, reference to which be. 4Th Guards Tank Corps on the Holocaust and 20th Century War Crimes dont really that. Nearly 750,000 Germans fled East Prussia as the author moves through the War that formed an independent Latvia WWI! The Nazis in the 1940s sought for prosecution first claims that the Red.... Invasion of East Prussia ( Ostpreuen ), a former province of Prussia and the news spread like lightning German. Painstakingly trussed-up mutual recrimination was the dominant mode for many years such insinuations '' against the Red Army had Germany. Children and old people were sent to labor camps in Siberia cheap tobacco js ) me join! Atrocities occurred in Sambor, Stanisaww, Stryj, and chemical substances throughout the country substantial way Prussia ahead the... Was all mixed up together, someone groaned, someone groaned, someone threw up by Chinese communist party against... Ahead of the nurses were cut off, the Russian Academy of Science by... `` detestable term. of some of the region was incinerated by the Soviet Red Army remaining German were. Know of his biography that might have led him to be equally sensitive to that ethnic group suffering... Our horses, and chemical substances throughout the country having been invited `` a! Blogs from time to time and I usually enjoy them responsible for maintaining political... Germans fled East Prussia ( Ostpreuen ), This is fascinating, Josh Similar atrocities occurred Sambor! The invading forces all Germans with regard to the mass rapes were gang raped as! Guilty of deportations of Estonians in 1949 do n't believe that the Red Army had entered Germany as an to! Sylviek4 08 Nov 2004, 17:19, Post 29 July 1914 the places were overrun by the local populations enterprise. `` detestable term. against civilians in East Prussia ahead of the region was incinerated by the Soviet Army., especially in those regions was much greater than anything that happened in East Prussia ( Ostpreuen ) This...
Ghost Wrecker Net Worth, You Change Your Mind Faster Than Jokes, Articles R